Chắc các bạn không hề nghĩ rằng giữa kim cương sáng lấp lánh và than chì đen thui thủi lại là anh em họ hàng, đều là cacbon tinh khiết, tồn tại trong tự nhiên, chỉ có diện mạo và tính chất của chúng khác nhau.
Than chì rất mềm, chỉ cần dùng mảnh nhỏ than chì vạch nhẹ trên giấy là có thể để lại vết đen trên giấy. Ruột bút chì được chế tạo bằng than chì. Còn kim cương là khoáng vật có độ cứng cao nhất trong gia đình các khoáng vật, là “quán quân” về độ cứng: ở các cửa hàng bán kính, các nhân viên phục vụ dùng kim cương làm lưỡi dao để cắt kính. Các máy khoan sâu, người ta dùng mũi khoan có lắp mũi kim cương làm tăng vận tốc xuyên sâu của mũi khoan lên nhiều. Dao kim cương còn dùng để gia công các kim loại, hợp kim cứng nhất.
Than chì và kim cương đều thuộc họ hàng nhà cacbon, vì sao chúng lại có đặc tính khác nhau nhiều như vậy?
Nguyên do là ở than chì, các nguyên tử cacbon được sắp xếp thành lớp, lực kết hợp giữa các nguyên tử giữa các lớp rất nhỏ, giống như các lá bài xếp trong cỗ bài, rất dễ tách ra khỏi nhau. Còn trong kim cương các nguyên tử cacbon được sắp xếp thành tinh thể đều đặn, mỗi nguyên tử cacbon nối chặt chẽ với 4 nguyên tử xung quanh, tạo nên một tinh thể có cấu trúc rất bền chắc nên có độ cứng rất cao.
Sản lượng kim cương trong thiên nhiên rất ít, nói chung thường bị vùi lấp ở những lớp sâu trong vỏ Trái Đất. Với điều kiện nhiệt độ và áp suất rất cao của các lớp dung nham sâu trong lòng đất, cacbon mới có khả năng kết tinh để thành các tinh thể kim cương quý giá. Do sản lượng kim cương thiên nhiên rất ít, giá trị rất lớn, rất quý nên người ta đã tìm cách dùng nhiệt độ cao và áp suất cao để chế tạo kim cương nhân tạo.
Người ta chứng minh rằng ở nhiệt độ cao đến 2000°C và dưới áp suất 5,065.107 pascal (tức 50.000 atm) trở lên mới đạt kim cương ở trạng thái ổn định. Gần đây người ta đã áp dụng điều kiện tương tự để biến than chì thành kim cương.
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