Từ ngày 15/7/2023, mức thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu đối với phân bón DAP, NPK giảm xuống 0%, sẽ giúp các doanh nghiệp sản xuất, xuất khẩu 2 mặt hàng này hưởng lợi.
BFC, LAS và DDV hưởng lợi nhiều nhất
Khi thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu là 0%, các doanh nghiệp xuất khẩu phân bón DAP, NPK sẽ được hưởng lợi. Công suất NPK vượt xa nhu cầu, thuế xuất khẩu 0% là điều kiện để doanh nghiệp đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu. Còn với DAP, năng lực sản xuất đạt 660.000 tấn/năm, đáp ứng 2/3 nhu cầu trong nước, nhưng thời điểm cầu thấp vẫn cần tăng xuất khẩu nên thuế 0% hỗ trợ xuất khẩu cạnh tranh hơn.
Công ty cổ phần Phân bón Bình Điền (mã chứng khoán BFC) chiếm thị phần hàng đầu trong sản xuất – kinh doanh phân hỗn hợp NPK, xuất khẩu nhiều sang Campuchia và Lào. Trong quý I/2023, doanh thu đến từ xuất khẩu phân bón chiếm 10,2%, trong khi cùng kỳ năm ngoái chiếm 4,4%.
Với Công ty cổ phần Supe Phốt phát và Hoá chất Lâm Thao (mã chứng khoán LAS), sản phẩm NPK chiếm gần 57% tỷ trọng doanh thu trong quý I/2023. Bên cạnh ưu tiên thị trường nội địa, Công ty có chiến lược đẩy mạnh xuất khẩu sang Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc, Malaysia, Campuchia, Lào.
Tại Công ty cổ phần DAP – Vinachem (mã chứng khoán DDV), doanh thu những tháng đầu năm 2023 chủ yếu đến từ việc bán phân bón DAP với xuất khẩu đóng góp hơn 60% doanh thu.
Kể từ quý IV/2022, giá các loại phân bón đi xuống do chi phí sản xuất giảm. Đặc biệt, nguồn cung toàn cầu dần tăng lên khi Trung Quốc mở cửa, khiến giá phân bón ngày càng thấp. Theo Investing.com, hợp đồng tương lai phân urê ngày 29/6/2023 có giá 285,5 USD/tấn, giảm hơn một nửa so với cùng kỳ năm ngoái.
Đạm Phú Mỹ nhận định, giá urê đã chạm đáy và sẽ phục hồi trong nửa cuối năm 2023. Giá urê xuất khẩu trung bình của doanh nghiệp trong nửa đầu năm nay hơn 8.000 đồng/kg (giảm 58% so với cùng kỳ), kỳ vọng sẽ phục hồi lên 8.700 – 9.200 đồng/kg trong nửa cuối năm.
Kỳ vọng sửa thuế giá trị gia tăng
Theo quy định hiện tại, phân bón có giá trị tài nguyên và khoáng sản cộng chi phí năng lượng dưới 51% giá thành sản phẩm thì có thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu 0%. Nhóm thứ hai là phân bón có giá trị tài nguyên và khoáng sản cộng chi phí năng lượng từ 51% giá thành sản phẩm trở lên có thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu là 5%. Tuy nhiên, từ 15/7/2023, khi Nghị định 26/2023/NĐ-CP có hiệu lực, thì xuất khẩu urê sẽ đóng thuế 5% mà không phụ thuộc vào tỷ lệ tài nguyên khoáng sản trong giá thành sản phẩm.
Theo Bộ Tài chính thì “áp dụng mức thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu thấp hơn đối với các mặt hàng trong nước sản xuất đủ nhu cầu hoặc dư thừa để tạo thuận lợi cho cơ quan hải quan và doanh nghiệp trong quá trình thực hiện, góp phần tháo gỡ khó khăn cho hoạt động sản xuất – kinh doanh, khuyến khích doanh nghiệp đầu tư máy móc sản xuất các mặt hàng có giá trị xuất khẩu cao, đảm bảo công bằng với các mặt hàng có chế biến tương tự”.
Đạm Phú Mỹ cho biết, ngay khi Nghị định 26/2023/NĐ-CP được ban hành, Hiệp hội Phân bón Việt Nam đã gửi văn bản kiến nghị sửa đổi do urê là mặt hàng trong nước sản xuất dư thừa (công suất 2,5 triệu tấn, nhu cầu 1,9 – 2 triệu tấn) nên đề nghị áp dụng thuế suất thuế xuất khẩu 0% như NPK, DAP, mà không cần dựa theo tỷ lệ tài nguyên khoáng sản cộng chi phí năng lượng như hiện nay.
Theo ông Phùng Hà, Phó chủ tịch kiêm Tổng thư ký Hiệp hội Phân bón Việt Nam, phân bón không chịu thuế giá trị gia tăng (VAT) khiến không chỉ doanh nghiệp chịu thiệt, mà người nông dân cũng bị ảnh hưởng do phải mua phân bón với giá thành cao hơn từ 5 – 8%.
Đạm Phú Mỹ cho biết, theo Luật Thuế giá trị gia tăng, hàng xuất khẩu thuộc đối tượng chịu thuế với thuế suất 0% nên doanh nghiệp được hoàn thuế VAT đầu vào đối với lượng hàng xuất khẩu. Theo đó, phần thuế VAT đối với lượng hàng xuất khẩu được hoàn hoặc khấu trừ, còn phần tiêu thụ trong nước thì không được khấu trừ (mỗi năm tổng tiền thuế VAT đầu vào của doanh nghiệp khoảng 300 – 400 tỷ đồng).
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